前言
本文中将提供的所有示例都可以在此笔记本中找到，由于存在大量的代码和gif，主要材料将隐藏在扰流板下。要重现将在任何情况下呈现的一些示例，由于该存储库包含一些中间实用程序，因此您将需要此存储库。
如何制作动画
在Jupyter下，有一组小部件（ipywidgets），它们是各种管理工具，与IPython.display模块进行交互以提供交互式可视化。以下代码表示可用于对列表内容进行交互动画的所有关键小部件交互：
from ipywidgets import interact, interactive, fixed, interact_manual
import ipywidgets as widgets
from IPython.display import display
def step_slice(lst, step):
return lst[step]
def animate_list(lst, play=False, interval=200):
slider = widgets.IntSlider(min=0, max=len(lst) - 1, step=1, value=0)
if play:
play_widjet = widgets.Play(interval=interval)
widgets.jslink((play_widjet, 'value'), (slider, 'value'))
display(play_widjet)
# slider = widgets.Box([play_widject, slider])
return interact(step_slice,
lst=fixed(lst),
step=slider)
如果将animate_list函数提供给整数列表，则会得到以下结果：
a = [10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
animate_list(a, play=True, interval=200);
为了演示使用animate_list的算法是如何工作的，您需要生成算法的中间状态并将其视觉表示保存为所需格式。
文字动画
用于序列/数组的基本算法足以实现文本表示。不幸的是，我遇到了拒绝处理换行符的基本字符串的问题，结果我使用了IPython.display.Code。让我们从经典的quicksort开始。
代码
from IPython.display import Code
import random
def qsort_state(array, left, right, x, p, q):
extended_array = list(map(str, array[:left])) + ['['] + list(map(str, array[left: right])) + [']'] + list(map(str, array[right:]))
offset_x = sum(list(map(len, extended_array[:left]))) + left + 2
zero_line = ''.join([' ' for i in range(offset_x)]) + f'x = {x}'
first_line = ' '.join(extended_array)
offset_p = sum(list(map(len, extended_array[:p + 1]))) + p + 1 + len(extended_array[p + 1]) // 2
offset_q = sum(list(map(len, extended_array[:q + 1]))) + q + 1 + len(extended_array[q + 1]) // 2
second_line = ''.join([' ' if i != offset_p and i != offset_q else '↑' for i in range(len(first_line))])
return Code(zero_line + '\n' + first_line + '\n' + second_line)
def qsort(array, left, right, states):
if right - left <= 1:
return
x = array[random.randint(left, right - 1)]
p = left
q = right - 1
states.append(qsort_state(array, left, right, x, p, q))
while p <= q:
while array[p] < x:
p += 1
states.append(qsort_state(array, left, right, x, p, q))
while array[q] > x:
q -= 1
states.append(qsort_state(array, left, right, x, p, q))
if p <= q:
array[p], array[q] = (array[q], array[p])
states.append(qsort_state(array, left, right, x, p, q))
p += 1
q -= 1
if p <= q:
states.append(qsort_state(array, left, right, x, p, q))
qsort(array, left, q + 1, states)
qsort(array, p, right, states)
a = [234, 1, 42, 3, 15, 3, 10, 9, 2]
states = []
qsort(a, 0, len(a), states)
animate_list(states, play=True);
结果
二进制搜索可以类似的方式可视化。
代码
def bs_state(array, left, right, x):
extended_array = list(map(str, array[:left])) + ['['] + list(map(str, array[left: right])) + [']'] + list(map(str, array[right:]))
mid = (left + right) // 2
offset_x = sum(list(map(len, extended_array[:mid + 1]))) + mid + 1
return Code(' '.join(extended_array) + '\n' + ''.join([' ' for i in range(offset_x)]) + str(x))
# ,
#
states = []
left = 0
right = len(a)
x = 14
while right - left > 1:
states.append(bs_state(a, left, right, x))
mid = (left + right) // 2
if a[mid] <= x:
left = mid
else:
right = mid
states.append(bs_state(a, left, right, x))
animate_list(states, play=True, interval=400);
结果
这是一个字符串示例：构建前缀函数的过程：
代码
def prefix_function_state(s, p, k, intermidiate=False):
third_string = ''.join([s[i] if i < k else ' ' for i in range(len(p))])
fourth_string = ''.join([s[i] if i >= len(p) - k else ' ' for i in range(len(p))])
return Code(s + '\n' + ''.join(list(map(str, (p + ['*'] if intermidiate else p )))) \
+ '\n' + third_string + '\n' + fourth_string)
def prefix_function(s, states):
p = [0]
k = 0
states.append(prefix_function_state(s, p, k))
for letter in s[1:]:
states.append(prefix_function_state(s, p, k, True))
while k > 0 and s[k] != letter:
k = p[k - 1]
states.append(prefix_function_state(s, p, k, True))
if s[k] == letter:
k += 1
p.append(k)
states.append(prefix_function_state(s, p, k))
return p
states = []
p = prefix_function('ababadababa', states)
animate_list(states, play=True);
结果
使用Matplotlib可视化
Matplotlib是用于绘制各种图形的Python库。以下是一些示例，说明如何使用它来可视化算法。让我们从一个迭代算法的示例开始，以找到一个函数的最小值，最简单的是随机局部搜索方法，该方法会在当前近似值上进行局部更改，并且如果新点处的函数值的值变得更好，则会使用它：
代码
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# , , (0, 0)
def f(x, y):
return 1.3 * (x - y) ** 2 + 0.7 * (x + y) ** 2
#
def plot_trajectory(func, traj, limit_point=None):
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(7, 7))
ax = fig.add_axes([0, 0, 1, 1])
if limit_point:
ax.plot([limit_point[0]], [limit_point[1]], 'o', color='green')
#Level contours
delta = 0.025
x = np.arange(-2, 2, delta)
y = np.arange(-2, 2, delta)
X, Y = np.meshgrid(x, y)
Z = np.zeros_like(X)
for i in range(X.shape[0]):
for j in range(X.shape[1]):
Z[i][j] = func(X[i][j], Y[i][j])
CS = ax.contour(X, Y, Z, [0.5, 1.5, 3], colors=['blue', 'purple', 'red'])
ax.plot([u[0] for u in traj], [u[1] for u in traj], color='black')
ax.plot([u[0] for u in traj], [u[1] for u in traj], 'o', color='black')
plt.close(fig)
return fig
x, y = (1.0, 1.0)
num_iters = 50
trajectory = [(x, y)]
plots = []
#
for i in range(num_iters):
angle = 2 * np.pi * np.random.rand(1)
dx, dy = (np.cos(angle) / 2 / (i + 1) ** 0.5, np.sin(angle) / 2 / (i + 1) ** 0.5)
trajectory.append((x + dx, y + dy))
plots.append(plot_trajectory(f, trajectory, limit_point=(0, 0)))
if f(x, y) > f(x + dx, y + dy):
x = x + dx
y = y + dy
else:
trajectory = trajectory[:-1]
animate_list(plots, play=True, interval=300);
结果
以下是EM算法的示例，该算法用于处理来自旧忠实间歇泉喷发的数据，维基百科上给出了相同的示例：
代码
#
# http://www.stat.cmu.edu/~larry/all-of-statistics/=data/faithful.dat
data = []
with open('data/faithful.csv') as f:
for line in f:
_, x, y = line.split(',')
try:
data.append((float(x), float(y)))
except ValueError:
pass
colors = ['red', 'blue', 'yellow', 'green']
# https://jakevdp.github.io/PythonDataScienceHandbook/05.12-gaussian-mixtures.html
from matplotlib.patches import Ellipse
def draw_ellipse(position, covariance, ax=None, **kwargs):
"""Draw an ellipse with a given position and covariance"""
ax = ax or plt.gca()
# Convert covariance to principal axes
if covariance.shape == (2, 2):
U, s, Vt = np.linalg.svd(covariance)
angle = np.degrees(np.arctan2(U[1, 0], U[0, 0]))
width, height = 2 * np.sqrt(s)
else:
angle = 0
width, height = 2 * np.sqrt(covariance)
# Draw the Ellipse
for nsig in range(1, 4):
ax.add_patch(Ellipse(position, nsig * width, nsig * height,
angle, color='red', **kwargs))
def plot_gmm(gmm, X, label=True, ax=None):
ax = ax or plt.gca()
if label:
labels = gmm.predict(X)
ax.scatter(X[:, 0], X[:, 1], c=labels, s=20, cmap='plasma', zorder=2)
else:
ax.scatter(X[:, 0], X[:, 1], s=20, zorder=2)
w_factor = 0.2 / gmm.weights_.max()
for pos, covar, w in zip(gmm.means_, gmm.covariances_, gmm.weights_):
draw_ellipse(pos, covar, alpha=w * w_factor)
def step_figure(gmm, X, label=True):
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(7, 7))
ax = fig.add_axes([0, 0, 1, 1])
ax.set_ylim(30, 100)
ax.set_xlim(1, 6)
plot_gmm(gmm, X, label=True, ax=ax)
plt.close(fig)
return fig
from sklearn.mixture import GaussianMixture
x = np.array(data)
# max_iters=1 warm_start=True gmm.fit
#
gmm = GaussianMixture(2, warm_start=True, init_params='random', max_iter=1)
# GMM ,
import warnings
warnings.simplefilter('ignore')
#
gmm.fit(x[:10,:])
steps = [step_figure(gmm, x)]
for i in range(17):
gmm.fit(x)
steps.append(step_figure(gmm, x))
animate_list(steps, play=True, interval=400);
结果
以下示例颇具玩具意义，但也显示了可以在matplotlib中完成的操作：通过找到最大匹配项，在具有最大多米诺骨牌的平面上平铺方格图的可视化效果：
代码
# matplotlib ,
from animation_utils.matplotlib import draw_filling
def check_valid(i, j, n, m, tiling):
return 0 <= i and i < n and 0 <= j and j < m and tiling[i][j] != '#'
def find_augmenting_path(x, y, n, m, visited, matched, tiling):
if not check_valid(x, y, n, m, tiling):
return False
if (x, y) in visited:
return False
visited.add((x, y))
for dx, dy in [(-1, 0), (1, 0), (0, -1), (0, 1)]:
if not check_valid(x + dx, y + dy, n, m, tiling):
continue
if (x + dx, y + dy) not in matched or find_augmenting_path(*matched[(x + dx , y + dy)], n, m, visited, matched, tiling):
matched[(x + dx, y + dy)] = (x, y)
return True
return False
def convert_match(matched, tiling, n, m):
result = [[-1 if tiling[i][j] == '#' else -2 for j in range(m)] for i in range(n)]
num = 0
for x, y in matched:
_x, _y = matched[(x, y)]
result[x][y] = num
result[_x][_y] = num
num += 1
return result
def match_with_flow(tiling):
result_slices = []
n = len(tiling)
m = len(tiling[0])
matched = dict()
#
rows = list(range(n))
columns = list(range(m))
random.shuffle(rows)
random.shuffle(columns)
result_slices.append(convert_match(matched, tiling, n, m))
for i in rows:
for j in columns:
if (i + j) % 2 == 1:
continue
visited = set()
if find_augmenting_path(i, j, n, m, visited, matched, tiling):
result_slices.append(convert_match(matched, tiling, n, m))
return result_slices
tiling_custom=[
'...####',
'....###',
'......#',
'#.#....',
'#......',
'##.....',
'###...#',
]
sequencial_match = match_with_flow(tiling_custom)
animate_list(list(map(draw_filling, sequencial_match)), play=True);
结果
很好，在此过程中，演示了用5种颜色为平面图着色的算法，以便在外观上分区看起来更好：
代码
def color_5(filling):
result = [[i for i in row] for row in filling]
#
domino_tiles = [[] for i in range(max(map(max, filling)) + 1)]
domino_neighbours = [set() for i in range(max(map(max, filling)) + 1)]
degree = [0 for i in range(max(map(max, filling)) + 1)]
n = len(filling)
m = len(filling[0])
for i, row in enumerate(filling):
for j, num in enumerate(row):
if num >= 0:
domino_tiles[num].append((i, j))
for i, tiles in enumerate(domino_tiles):
for x, y in tiles:
for dx, dy in [(-1, 0), (1, 0), (0, -1), (0, 1), (-1, -1), (-1, 1), (1, -1), (1, 1)]:
a, b = x + dx, y + dy
if 0 <= a and a < n and 0 <= b and b < m and filling[a][b] >= 0 and filling[a][b] != i \
and filling[a][b] not in domino_neighbours[i]:
domino_neighbours[i].add(filling[a][b])
degree[i] += 1
# , 5
# . , ,
# ,
active_degrees = [set() for i in range(max(degree) + 1)]
for i, deg in enumerate(degree):
active_degrees[deg].add(i)
reversed_order = []
for step in range(len(domino_tiles)):
min_degree = min([i for i, dominoes in enumerate(active_degrees) if len(dominoes) > 0])
domino = active_degrees[min_degree].pop()
reversed_order.append(domino)
for other in domino_neighbours[domino]:
if other in active_degrees[degree[other]]:
active_degrees[degree[other]].remove(other)
degree[other] -= 1
active_degrees[degree[other]].add(other)
# ,
# 5 , ,
# .
colors = [-1 for domino in domino_tiles]
slices = [draw_filling(result)]
for domino in reversed(reversed_order):
used_colors = [colors[other] for other in domino_neighbours[domino] if colors[other] != -1]
domino_color = len(used_colors)
for i, color in enumerate(sorted(set(used_colors))):
if i != color:
domino_color = i
break
if domino_color < 5:
colors[domino] = domino_color
for x, y in domino_tiles[domino]:
result[x][y] = domino_color
slices.append(draw_filling(result))
continue
# ,
c = 0
other = [other for other in domino_neighbours[domino] if colors[other] == c]
visited = set([other])
q = Queue()
q.put(other)
domino_was_reached = False
while not q.empty():
cur = q.get()
for other in domino_neighbours[cur]:
if other == domino:
domino_was_reached = True
break
if color[other] == c or color[other] == c + 1 and other not in visited:
visited.add(other)
q.put(other)
if not domino_was_reached:
for other in visited:
color[other] = color[other] ^ 1
for x, y in domino_tiles[other]:
result[x][y] = color[other]
color[domino] = c
for x, y in domino_tiles[domino]:
result[x][y] = c
slices.append(draw_filling(result))
continue
# 2 3.
c = 2
other = [other for other in domino_neighbours[domino] if colors[other] == c]
visited = set([other])
q = Queue()
q.put(other)
domino_was_reached = False
while not q.empty():
cur = q.get()
for other in domino_neighbours[cur]:
if other == domino:
domino_was_reached = True
break
if color[other] == c or color[other] == c + 1 and other not in visited:
visited.add(other)
q.put(other)
for other in visited:
color[other] = color[other] ^ 1
for x, y in domino_tiles[other]:
result[x][y] = color[other]
color[domino] = c
for x, y in domino_tiles[domino]:
result[x][y] = c
slices.append(draw_filling(result))
return result, slices
filling_colored, slices =color_5(sequencial_match[-1])
animate_list(slices, play=True);
结果
来自计算几何的带有matplotlib的最后一个示例是用于在平面上绘制凸包的Graham-Andrew算法：
代码
def convex_hull_state(points, lower_path, upper_path):
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(6, 6))
ax = fig.add_axes([0, 0, 1, 1])
ax.get_xaxis().set_visible(False)
ax.get_yaxis().set_visible(False)
for name, spine in ax.spines.items():
spine.set_visible(False)
spine.set_visible(False)
ax.scatter([x for x, y in points], [y for x, y in points])
ax.plot([x for x, _ in lower_path], [y for _, y in lower_path], color='red')
ax.plot([x for x, _ in upper_path], [y for _, y in upper_path], color='blue')
plt.close(fig)
return fig
def vector_prod(point_a, point_b):
return point_a[0] * point_b[1] - point_a[1] * point_b[0]
def convex_hull(poitns):
sorted_points = sorted(points, key=lambda x: x[1])
sorted_points = sorted(sorted_points, key=lambda x: x[0])
states = []
upper_path = [sorted_points[0]]
lower_path = [sorted_points[0]]
states.append(convex_hull_state(points, lower_path, upper_path))
for point in sorted_points[1:]:
while len(upper_path) > 1 and vector_prod(point - upper_path[-1], upper_path[-1] - upper_path[-2]) > 0:
upper_path = upper_path[:-1]
upper_path.append(point)
states.append(convex_hull_state(poitns, lower_path, upper_path))
upper_path = upper_path[:-1]
upper_path.append(point)
states.append(convex_hull_state(points, lower_path, upper_path))
for point in sorted_points[1:]:
while len(lower_path) > 1 and vector_prod(point - lower_path[-1], lower_path[-1] - lower_path[-2]) < 0:
lower_path = lower_path[:-1]
lower_path.append(point)
states.append(convex_hull_state(poitns, lower_path, upper_path))
lower_path = lower_path[:-1]
lower_path.append(point)
states.append(convex_hull_state(poitns, lower_path, upper_path))
return states
points = [np.random.rand(2) for i in range(20)]
states = convex_hull(points)
animate_list(states, play=True, interval=300);
结果
我要在matplotlib上下文中注意的最后一件事是通过matplotlib.animation.FuncAnimation创建动画的另一种方法。此方法有其优点：可以使用IPython.display.HTML将其转换为html，其结果将比在窗口小部件上更可靠（我的窗口小部件会定期放慢速度），它不需要Jupyter工作核心，但是在这种情况下，动画是正常的视频和控件仅限于播放器。
Graphviz
Graphviz可用于绘制图形。请注意，为了重现使用它的示例，您不仅需要在python中而且在系统上安装graphviz 。让我们从深度优先遍历开始：
代码
#
from graph_utils.graph import Graph, Arc, Node
def enter_node(node):
node.SetColor('blue')
def enter_arc(node, arc):
node.SetColor('green')
arc.attributes['style'] = 'dashed'
arc.attributes['color'] = 'green'
def return_from_arc(node, arc):
arc.attributes['style'] = 'solid'
arc.attributes['color'] = 'red'
node.SetColor('blue')
def ignore_arc(arc):
arc.attributes['color'] = 'blue'
def leave_node(node):
node.SetColor('red')
def dfs(graph, node_id, visited, outlist, path):
visited.add(node_id)
path.append(node_id)
enter_node(graph.nodes[node_id])
outlist.append(graph.Visualize())
for arc in graph.nodes[node_id].arcs:
if arc.end not in visited:
enter_arc(graph.nodes[node_id], arc)
dfs(graph, arc.end, visited, outlist, path)
return_from_arc(graph.nodes[node_id], arc)
path.append(node_id)
else:
ignore_arc(arc)
outlist.append(graph.Visualize())
leave_node(graph.nodes[node_id])
arcs = [
Arc(1, 3, 3),
Arc(1, 4, 7),
Arc(4, 3, 2),
Arc(4, 5, 3),
Arc(1, 5, 2),
Arc(6, 4, 2),
Arc(5, 6, 2),
Arc(6, 7, 1),
Arc(7, 2, 7),
Arc(4, 2, 2),
Arc(3, 2, 5)
]
# , `dot`,
# graphviz
# https://graphviz.org/download/
graph = Graph(arcs)
visited = set()
dfs_outlist = []
path = []
dfs_outlist.append(graph.Visualize())
dfs(graph, 1, visited, dfs_outlist, path)
dfs_outlist.append(graph.Visualize())
animate_list(dfs_outlist, play=True, interval=400);
结果
好吧，这是标题中的Dijkstra算法
代码
def mark_labelled(node):
node.SetColor('red')
def mark_scanned(node):
node.SetColor('green')
def process_node(node):
node.SetColor('blue')
def set_previous(arc):
arc.SetColor('green')
def unset_previous(arc):
arc.SetColor('black')
def scan_arc(graph, arc, l, p, mark):
if l[arc.end] > l[arc.beginning] + arc.weight:
l[arc.end] = l[arc.beginning] + arc.weight
if p[arc.end] is not None:
unset_previous(p[arc.end])
# arc, arc.beginning,
p[arc.end] = arc
set_previous(p[arc.end])
mark[arc.end] = True
mark_labelled(graph.nodes[arc.end])
def scan_node(graph, node_id, l, p, mark):
for arc in graph.nodes[node_id].arcs:
scan_arc(graph, arc, l, p, mark)
mark[node_id] = False
mark_scanned(graph.nodes[node_id])
# ,
# ,
# http://forskning.diku.dk/PATH05/GoldbergSlides.pdf
def base_scanning_method(graph, s, choice_function):
l = {key: float('Inf') for key in graph.nodes.keys()}
p = {key: None for key in graph.nodes.keys()}
mark = {key: False for key in graph.nodes.keys()}
l[s] = 0
mark[s] = True
mark_labelled(graph.nodes[s])
out_lst = []
while True:
node_id = choice_function(l, mark)
if node_id is None:
break
process_node(graph.nodes[node_id])
out_lst.append(graph.Visualize(l))
scan_node(graph, node_id, l, p, mark)
out_lst.append(graph.Visualize(l))
return l, p, out_lst
#
def least_distance_choice(l, mark):
labelled = [node_id for node_id, value in mark.items() if value == True]
if len(labelled) == 0:
return None
return min(labelled, key=lambda x: l[x])
graph = Graph(arcs)
l, p, bfs_shortest_path_lst = \
base_scanning_method(graph, 1, least_distance_choice)
animate_list(bfs_shortest_path_lst, play=True, interval=400);
结果
这就是单词“ mother”，“ mother”，“ monkey”，“ soap”，“ milk”的前缀树的构造方式：
代码
class TrieNode:
def __init__(self, parent, word=None):
# ,
#
self.parent = parent
# ,
self.word = word
self.children = {}
self.suff_link = None
def init_trie():
trie = [TrieNode(-1)]
return trie
def to_graph(trie):
arcs = []
for i, node in enumerate(trie):
for c, nextstate in node.children.items():
arcs.append(Arc(i, nextstate, c))
if node.suff_link is not None and node.suff_link != 0:
arcs.append(Arc(i,
node.suff_link,
attributes={"constraint" : "False", "style" : "dashed"}))
return Graph(arcs)
def add_word(trie, word, steps):
_num = 0
for ch in word:
if not ch in trie[_num].children:
_n = len(trie)
trie[_num].children[ch] = _n
trie.append(TrieNode((_num, ch)))
_num = trie[_num].children[ch]
graph = to_graph(trie)
graph.nodes[_num].SetColor('red')
steps.append(graph.Visualize())
trie[_num].word = word
def make_trie(words):
steps = []
trie = init_trie()
steps.append(to_graph(trie).Visualize())
for word in words:
add_word(trie, word, steps)
steps.append(to_graph(trie).Visualize())
return trie, steps
words = [
'',
'',
'',
'',
''
]
trie, steps = make_trie(words)
animate_list(steps, play=True, interval=500);
结果
最后，库恩算法用于找到最大匹配项：
代码
def mark_for_delete(arc):
arc.SetColor('red')
arc.SetStyle('dashed')
def mark_for_add(arc):
arc.SetColor('blue')
def clear(arc):
arc.SetColor('black')
arc.SetStyle('solid')
def find_augmenting_path(graph, node_id, visited, match, deleted):
if node_id in visited:
return False
visited.add(node_id)
for arc in graph.nodes[node_id].arcs:
if arc.end not in match or find_augmenting_path(graph, match[arc.end].beginning, visited, match, deleted):
if arc.end in match:
mark_for_delete(match[arc.end])
deleted.append(match[arc.end])
match[arc.end] = arc
mark_for_add(arc)
return True
return False
def kuhns_matching(graph, first_part):
states = [graph.Visualize()]
match = dict()
for node_id in first_part:
node = graph.nodes[node_id]
node.SetColor('Blue')
states.append(graph.Visualize())
deleted = []
if find_augmenting_path(graph, node_id, set(), match, deleted):
states.append(graph.Visualize())
for arc in deleted:
clear(arc)
states.append(graph.Visualize())
node.SetColor('red')
states.append(graph.Visualize())
return states
arcs = [
Arc(1, 6),
Arc(1, 7),
Arc(2, 6),
Arc(3, 7),
Arc(3, 8),
Arc(4, 8),
Arc(4, 9),
Arc(4, 10),
Arc(5, 10),
Arc(2, 8)
]
first_part = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
graph = Graph(arcs)
states = kuhns_matching(graph, first_part)
animate_list(states, play=True, interval=400);
结果
矩阵算法
但是这部分涉及失败的尝试。IPython.display可以解析乳胶，但是当我尝试使用它时，这就是我得到的（应该有一个高斯方法）：
代码
from animation_utils.latex import Matrix
from IPython.display import Math
n = 5
A = np.random.rand(n, n)
L = np.identity(n)
U = np.array(A)
steps = []
steps.append(Math(str(Matrix(L)) + str(Matrix(U))))
for k in range(n):
x = U[k,k]
for i in range(k+1, n):
L[i,k] = U[i,k] / x
U[i,k:] -= L[i,k] * U[k,k:]
steps.append(Math(str(Matrix(L)) + str(Matrix(U))))
animate_list(steps, play=True, interval=500);
结果
到目前为止，我还不知道该怎么做，但是有知识的人会提示您。