
对于某些人来说,这个琐碎的问题已经使人大吃一惊,但是我们举了7个示例,并尝试使用标准来解释它们的行为:
struct A {
int data_mem;
void non_static_mem_fn() {}
static void static_mem_fn() {}
};
void foo(int) {}
A* p{nullptr};
/*1*/ *p;
/*2*/ foo((*p, 5));
/*3*/ A a{*p};
/*4*/ p->data_mem;
/*5*/ int b{p->data_mem};
/*6*/ p->non_static_mem_fn();
/*7*/ p->static_mem_fn();
一个明显但重要的细节:用空指针初始化的p无法指向类型A的对象,因为它的值不同于指向类型为conv.ptr#1的任何对象的指针的值。
Disclaimer: . dev.to, .
1
struct A {
int data_mem;
void non_static_mem_fn() {}
static void static_mem_fn() {}
};
void foo(int) {}
A* p{nullptr};
*p;
(expression statement, stmt.expr#1), *p , , , . * expr.unary.op#1 , (indirection), l-, , . , , . .
, basic.stc#4, , (indirection through an invalid pointer value) . , , basic.compound#3.4, , — .
dcl.ref#5, , «the only way to create such a reference would be to bind it to the “object” obtained by indirection through a null pointer, which causes undefined behavior», .. — «», , . , «» (to bind), , , dcl.ref#5.
, , Core Working Group . , CWG ( drafting), , l- r-. « CWG» , , , 7. CWG.
. (N2176, 6.5.3.2 104), , , .
2
struct A {
int data_mem;
void non_static_mem_fn() {}
static void static_mem_fn() {}
};
void foo(int) {}
A* p{nullptr};
foo((*p, 5));
foo, , «». , , , , 1 (expr.comma#1). , .
3
struct A {
int data_mem;
void non_static_mem_fn() {}
static void static_mem_fn() {}
};
void foo(int) {}
A* p{nullptr};
A a{*p};
a , , , const A& , (dcl.ref#5). .
4
struct A {
int data_mem;
void non_static_mem_fn() {}
static void static_mem_fn() {}
};
void foo(int) {}
A* p{nullptr};
p->data_mem;
(*(p)).data_mem expr.ref#2, (designate) , (expr.ref#6.2). 1 , , , basic.lookup.qual#1, , to refer to designate , expr.ref. , , (. ).
5
struct A {
int data_mem;
void non_static_mem_fn() {}
static void static_mem_fn() {}
};
void foo(int) {}
A* p{nullptr};
int b{p->data_mem};
, int. pr-, (basic.lval#1.2). int, (conv.lval#3.4), , basic.lval#11 .
6
struct A {
int data_mem;
void non_static_mem_fn() {}
static void static_mem_fn() {}
};
void foo(int) {}
A* p{nullptr};
p->non_static_mem_fn();
class.mfct.non-static#1 , - , ( ), - . «» — «may be» /, . , .
7
struct A {
int data_mem;
void non_static_mem_fn() {}
static void static_mem_fn() {}
};
void foo(int) {}
A* p{nullptr};
p->static_mem_fn();
1, Core Working Group . , 59, -> , .
constexpr
(expr.const#5), . , . , constexpr , , GCC, MSVC : godbolt.
:
#
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GCC 10.1
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Clang 10
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MSVC 19.24
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*p;
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2
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foo((*p, 5));
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3
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A a{*p};
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4
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p->data_mem;
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5
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int b{p->data_mem};
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6
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p->non_static_mem_fn();
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7
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p->static_mem_fn();
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6 4. , 1.
感谢您与我们在一起,直到最后了解C ++中空指针的冒险!:-)通常,我们在Habré上共享真实项目中的代码片段,用于开发电子产品嵌入式软件,但是这次我们只对“哲学”问题感兴趣,因此这些示例是综合性的。
如果您分享我们对C ++的热爱,请在评论中分享您“痛苦”的话题。